Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained。 Bringing together internationally renowned experts， this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of standardization， norms and standard languages。 Chapters are grouped into five thematic areas: models and theories of standardization， questions of authority and legitimacy， literacy and education， borders and boundaries， and standardization in Late Modernity。 Each chapter addresses a specific issue in detail， illustrating it with linguistic case studies and taking into account the particular political， social and cultural context。 Showcasing cutting-edge research， it offers fresh perspectives that go beyond traditional accounts of the standardization of national European languages， and affords new insights into minoritized， indigenous and stateless languages。 Surveying a wide range of languages and approaches， this Handbook is an essential resource for all those interested in language standards and standard languages。